List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population

Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census Proportion of black Americans in each county of the fifty states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census The following is a list of U.S. states , territories and the District of Columbia ranked by the proportion of African Americans of full or partial descent including those of Hispanic origin, in the population. Considering only those who marked “black” and no other race in combination as in the first table, the percentage was 12.4% in 2020, down from 12.6% in 2010. [1] Considering those who marked “black” and any other race in combination as in the second table the percentage increased from 13.6% to 14.2%.

2020 census (single race) % Black or African
American alone [2] Rank State or territory Black or African American alone
Population (2020) 76.0% 1 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 80,908 [3] 44.17% 2 District of Columbia 385,810 37.94% 3 Mississippi 1,084,481 33.13% 4 Louisiana 1,564,023 33.03% 5 Georgia 3,538,146 32.01% 6 Maryland 2,220,472 29.80% 7 Alabama 1,696,162 27.09% 8 South Carolina 1,680,531 23.50% 9 North Carolina 2,350,217 22.11% 10 Delaware 218,899 21.60% 11 Virginia 1,607,581 19.80% 12 Tennessee 1,492,948 17.11% 13 Florida 3,703,952 17.10% 14 Arkansas 853,783 16.89% 15 New York 3,533,873 16.19% 16 Illinois 2,108,271 15.76% 17 Michigan 1,576,579 15.19% 18 New Jersey 1,519,770 14.20% − United States of America 47,511,020 12.58% 19 Ohio 1,258,781 12.21% 20 Texas 3,964,700 11.40% 21 Missouri 799,840 11.30% 22 Pennsylvania 1,490,169 10.88% 23 Connecticut 388,675 10.80% 24 Nevada 404,739 10.60% 25 Indiana 748,513 8.09% 26 Kentucky 462,417 7.39% 27 Oklahoma 389,961 7.09% 28 Massachusetts 594,029 7.08% 29 Minnesota 598,434 7.46% 30 Puerto Rico 328,711 6.40% 31 Wisconsin 476,256 6.30% 32 California 2,825,293 5.79% 33 Kansas 308,809 5.78% 34 Rhode Island 92,168 5.77% 35 Nebraska 196,535 5.76% 36 Arizona 439,150 5.19% 37 Colorado 334,828 5.14% 38 Iowa 231,972 5.09% 39 Washington 407,565 3.9% 40 North Dakota 30,067 3.76% 41 West Virginia 165,813 3.70% 42 Alaska 31,898 2.28% 43 New Mexico 55,904 2.26% 44 Oregon 182,655 2.24% 45 South Dakota 27,842 1.90% 46 Maine 25,752 1.60% 47 Hawaii 23,417 1.50% 48 New Hampshire 20,127 1.40% 49 Vermont 9,034 1.20% 50 Utah 62,058 1.0% [4] 51 Guam 1,540 [4] 0.99% 52 Idaho 15,726 0.91% 53 Wyoming 5,232 0.50% 54 Montana 5,484 0.1% [5] 55 Northern Mariana Islands 55 [5] 0.02% [6] 56 American Samoa 13 [6] African-American proportion of state and territory populations (1790–2020)[ edit ]

From 1787 to 1868, enslaved African-Americans were counted in the U.S. census under the Three-fifths Compromise . The compromise was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention over the counting of slaves in determining a state’s total population. This count would determine the number of seats in the House of Representatives and how much each state would pay in taxes. The compromise counted three-fifths of each state’s slave population toward that state’s total population for the purpose of apportioning the House of Representatives. Even though slaves were denied voting rights, this gave Southern states more Representatives and more presidential electoral votes than if slaves had not been counted. Free blacks and indentured servants were not subject to the compromise, and each was counted as one full person for representation. [7]

In the United States Constitution, the Three-fifths Compromise is part of Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) later superseded this clause and explicitly repealed the compromise. African-American % of Population (1790–1990) Black or African American alone or in combination (2000-2020) by U.S. state and territory [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] State/Territory 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 United States of America 19.3% 18.9% 19.0% 18.4% 18.1% 16.8% 15.7% 14.1% 12.7% 13.1% 11.9% 11.6% 10.7% 9.9% 9.7% 9.8% 10.0% 10.5% 11.1% 11.7% 12.1% 12.9% 13.6% 14.2% Alabama 41.4% 29.0% 33.2% 38.5% 43.3% 44.7% 45.4% 47.7% 47.5% 44.8% 45.2% 42.5% 38.4% 35.7% 34.7% 32.0% 30.0% 26.2% 25.6% 25.3% 26.0% 26.3% 26.8% Alaska 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 3.0% 3.0% 3.4% 4.1% 4.3% 4.7% 4.8% American Samoa 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% Arizona 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 1.5% 1.5% 1.0% 2.4% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 3.3% 3.0% 2.8% 3.0% 3.6% 5.0% 6.2% Arkansas 13.0% 11.7% 15.5% 20.9% 22.7% 25.6% 25.2% 26.3% 27.4% 28.0% 28.1% 27.0% 25.8% 24.8% 22.3% 21.8% 18.3% 16.3% 15.9% 16.0% 16.1% 16.5% California 1.0% 1.1% 0.8% 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 1.1% 1.4% 1.8% 4.4% 5.6% 7.0% 7.7% 7.4% 7.4% 7.2% 7.1% Colorado 0.1% 1.1% 1.3% 1.5% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.5% 2.3% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.4% 5.0% 5.5% Connecticut 2.3% 2.5% 2.6% 2.9% 2.7% 2.6% 2.1% 1.9% 1.8% 1.9% 1.6% 1.7% 1.4% 1.5% 1.8% 1.9% 2.7% 4.2% 6.0% 7.0% 8.3% 10.0% 11.3% 13.0% Delaware 21.6% 22.4% 23.8% 24.0% 24.9% 25.0% 22.2% 19.3% 18.2% 18.0% 16.8% 16.6% 15.4% 13.6% 13.7% 13.5% 13.7% 13.6% 14.3% 16.1% 16.9% 20.1% 22.9% 24.7% District of Columbia 30.4% 33.1% 31.2% 30.1% 29.1% 26.6% 19.1% 33.0% 33.6% 32.8% 31.1% 28.5% 25.1% 27.1% 28.2% 35.0% 53.9% 71.1% 70.3% 65.8% 61.3% 52.2% 44.2% Florida 47.1% 48.7% 46.0% 44.6% 48.8% 47.0% 42.5% 43.7% 41.0% 34.0% 29.4% 27.1% 21.8% 17.8% 15.3% 13.8% 13.6% 15.5% 17.0% 17.2% Georgia 35.9% 37.1% 42.5% 44.4% 42.6% 41.0% 42.4% 44.0% 46.0% 47.0% 46.7% 46.7% 45.1% 41.7% 36.8% 34.7% 30.9% 28.5% 25.9% 26.8% 27.0% 29.2% 31.5% 33.0% Guam 2.37% 1.02% 0.96% Hawaii 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.5% 0.8% 1.0% 1.8% 2.5% 2.8% 2.9% 3.2% Idaho 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 1.0% 1.5% Illinois 7.4% 6.4% 2.5% 1.5% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 1.1% 1.5% 1.5% 1.8% 1.9% 2.8% 4.3% 4.9% 7.4% 10.3% 12.8% 14.7% 14.8% 15.6% 15.4% 15.5% Indiana 4.4% 2.6% 1.0% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1% 0.8% 1.5% 2.0% 2.1% 2.3% 2.2% 2.8% 3.5% 3.6% 4.4% 5.8% 6.9% 7.6% 7.8% 8.8% 10.1% 11.2% Iowa 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 1.2% 1.4% 1.7% 2.5% 3.7% 5.4% Kansas 0.6% 4.7% 4.3% 3.5% 3.5% 3.2% 3.3% 3.5% 3.6% 3.8% 4.2% 4.8% 5.3% 5.8% 6.3% 7.1% 7.6% Kentucky 17.0% 18.6% 20.2% 22.9% 24.7% 24.3% 22.5% 20.4% 16.8% 16.5% 14.4% 13.3% 11.4% 9.8% 8.6% 7.5% 6.9% 7.1% 7.2% 7.1% 7.1% 7.7% 8.7% 9.7% Louisiana 55.2% 51.8% 58.5% 55.0% 50.7% 49.5% 50.1% 51.5% 50.0% 47.1% 43.1% 38.9% 36.9% 35.9% 32.9% 31.9% 29.8% 29.4% 30.8% 32.9% 32.8% 33.1% Maine 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.7% 1.6% 2.7% Maryland 34.7% 36.7% 38.2% 36.1% 34.9% 32.3% 28.3% 24.9% 22.5% 22.5% 20.7% 19.8% 17.9% 16.9% 16.9% 16.6% 16.5% 16.7% 17.8% 22.7% 24.9% 28.8% 30.9% 32.0% Massachusetts 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.2% 0.9% 0.8% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.3% 1.6% 2.2% 3.1% 3.9% 5.0% 6.3% 7.8% 9.5% Michigan 3.7% 3.0% 2.1% 0.8% 0.3% 0.6% 0.9% 1.0% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 1.6% 3.5% 4.0% 6.9% 9.2% 11.2% 12.9% 13.9% 14.8% 15.2% 15.3% Minnesota 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.7% 0.9% 1.3% 2.2% 4.1% 6.2% 8.5% Mississippi 41.5% 47.0% 44.1% 48.4% 52.3% 51.2% 55.3% 53.7% 57.5% 57.6% 58.5% 56.2% 52.2% 50.2% 49.2% 45.3% 42.0% 36.8% 35.2% 35.6% 36.6% 37.6% 37.9% Missouri 17.6% 15.9% 18.3% 15.6% 13.2% 10.0% 6.9% 6.7% 5.6% 5.2% 4.8% 5.2% 6.2% 6.5% 7.5% 9.0% 10.3% 10.5% 10.7% 11.7% 12.5% 13.0% Montana 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.8% 1.2% Nebraska 0.3% 0.6% 0.5% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 1.0% 1.0% 1.1% 1.5% 2.1% 2.7% 3.1% 3.6% 4.4% 5.4% 6.4% Nevada 0.7% 0.8% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 0.6% 0.4% 0.6% 0.6% 2.7% 4.7% 5.7% 6.4% 6.6% 7.5% 9.4% 12.1% New Hampshire 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 1.0% 1.7% 2.4% New Jersey 7.7% 8.0% 7.6% 7.2% 6.4% 5.8% 4.9% 3.8% 3.4% 3.4% 3.3% 3.7% 3.5% 3.7% 5.2% 5.5% 6.6% 8.5% 10.7% 12.6% 13.4% 14.4% 14.8% 15.2% New Mexico 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.8% 1.2% 0.8% 0.5% 1.6% 0.7% 0.9% 1.2% 1.8% 1.9% 1.8% 2.0% 2.3% 2.8% 3.2% New York 7.6% 5.3% 4.2% 2.9% 2.3% 2.1% 1.6% 1.3% 1.2% 1.3% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 1.9% 3.3% 4.2% 6.2% 8.4% 11.9% 13.7% 15.9% 17.0% 17.2% 17.5% North Carolina 26.8% 29.4% 32.2% 34.4% 35.9% 35.6% 36.4% 36.4% 36.6% 38.0% 34.7% 33.0% 31.6% 29.8% 29.0% 27.5% 25.8% 24.5% 22.2% 22.4% 22.0% 22.1% 22.6% 22.5% North Dakota 1.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.6% 4.4% Northern Mariana Islands 0.06% 0.06% 0.1% Ohio 0.5% 0.8% 0.8% 1.0% 1.1% 1.3% 1.6% 2.4% 2.5% 2.4% 2.3% 2.3% 3.2% 4.7% 4.9% 6.5% 8.1% 9.1% 10.0% 10.6% 12.1% 13.4% 14.4% Oklahoma 8.4% 7.0% 8.3% 7.4% 7.2% 7.2% 6.5% 6.6% 6.7% 6.8% 7.4% 8.3% 8.7% 9.7% Oregon 0.5% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.8% 1.0% 1.3% 1.4% 1.6% 2.1% 2.6% 3.2% Pennsylvania 2.4% 2.7% 2.9% 2.9% 2.8% 2.8% 2.3% 2.0% 1.9% 2.0% 2.0% 2.5% 2.5% 3.3% 4.5% 4.7% 6.1% 7.5% 8.6% 8.8% 9.2% 10.5% 11.9% 12.7% Puerto Rico 10.9% 14.8% 17.5% Rhode Island 6.3% 5.3% 4.8% 4.3% 3.7% 3.0% 2.5% 2.3% 2.3% 2.3% 2.1% 2.1% 1.8% 1.7% 1.4% 1.5% 1.8% 2.1% 2.7% 2.9% 3.9% 5.5% 7.4% 9.1% South Carolina 43.7% 43.2% 48.4% 52.8% 55.6% 56.4% 58.9% 58.6% 58.9% 60.7% 59.8% 58.4% 55.2% 51.4% 45.6% 42.9% 38.8% 34.8% 30.5% 30.4% 29.8% 29.9% 28.8% 26.8% South Dakota 0.0% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.9% 1.8% 3.0% Tennessee 10.6% 13.2% 17.5% 19.6% 21.4% 22.7% 24.5% 25.5% 25.6% 26.1% 24.4% 23.8% 21.7% 19.3% 18.3% 17.4% 16.1% 16.5% 15.8% 15.8% 16.0% 16.8% 17.4% 17.3% Texas 27.5% 30.3% 31.0% 24.7% 21.8% 20.4% 17.7% 15.9% 14.7% 14.4% 12.7% 12.4% 12.5% 12.0% 11.9% 12.0% 12.6% 13.6% Utah 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 1.1% 1.6% 2.1% Vermont 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.7% 1.5% 2.2% Virgin Islands (U.S.) 76.62% 76.19% 76.03% Virginia 43.4% 44.6% 47.1% 47.8% 47.9% 46.9% 45.0% 43.3% 41.9% 41.8% 38.4% 35.6% 32.6% 29.9% 26.8% 24.7% 22.1% 20.6% 18.5% 18.9% 18.8% 20.4% 20.7% 20.9% Washington 0.3% 0.9% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 1.3% 1.7% 2.1% 2.6% 3.1% 4.4% 4.8% 5.8% West Virginia 9.5% 9.8% 11.5% 12.1% 11.2% 9.6% 7.8% 5.6% 4.1% 4.2% 4.3% 4.5% 5.3% 5.9% 6.6% 6.2% 5.7% 4.8% 3.9% 3.3% 3.1% 3.5% 4.2% 5.0% Wisconsin 1.2% 1.8% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.8% 1.9% 2.9% 3.9% 5.0% 6.1% 7.1% 7.7% Wyoming 2.0% 1.4% 1.5% 1.0% 1.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 0.9% 0.7% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8% 1.0% 1.3% 1.7% Free blacks as a percentage out of the total black population by U.S. region and U.S. state between 1790 and 1860[ edit ]

In 1865, all enslaved blacks (African Americans) in the United States were emancipated as a result of the Thirteenth Amendment . However, some U.S. states had previously emancipated some or all of their black population. The table below shows the percentage of free blacks as a percentage of the total black population in various U.S. regions and U.S. states between 1790 and 1860 (the blank areas on the chart below mean that there is no data for those specific regions or states in those specific years). [ citation needed ] Free blacks as a percentage of the total black (African-American) population by U.S. region and U.S. state between 1790 and 1860 [14] State/territory 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 United States 7.9% 10.8% 13.5% 13.2% 13.7% 13.4% 11.9% 11.0% Northeast 40.1% 56.2% 73.5% 83.7% 97.8% 99.5% 99.8% 100.0% Midwest 78.7% 52.4% 38.0% 37.7% 34.4% 35.5% 37.6% South 4.7% 6.7% 8.5% 8.2% 8.4% 8.1% 7.0% 6.3% West 97.9% 99.4% Alabama 4.4% 2.2% 1.3% 1.3% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% Alaska Arizona 100.0% Arkansas 1.4% 3.5% 3.0% 2.3% 1.3% 0.1% California 100.0% 100.0% Colorado 100.0% Connecticut 50.4% 84.9% 95.4% 98.8% 99.7% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0% Delaware 30.5% 57.3% 75.9% 74.2% 82.8% 86.7% 88.8% 91.7% District of Columbia 16.2% 30.7% 37.9% 50.5% 66.2% 73.2% 77.8% Florida 5.2% 3.1% 2.3% 1.5% Georgia 1.3% 1.7% 1.7% 1.2% 1.1% 1.0% 0.8% 0.8% Hawaii Idaho Illinois 41.5% 78.5% 33.3% 68.7% 91.6% 100.0% 100.0% Indiana 75.7% 62.4% 86.6% 99.9% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Iowa 91.5% 100.0% 100.0% Kansas 99.7% Kentucky 0.9% 1.8% 2.1% 2.1% 2.9% 3.9% 4.5% 4.5% Louisiana 18.0% 13.2% 13.2% 13.1% 6.7% 5.3% Maine 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Maryland 7.2% 15.6% 23.3% 27.0% 33.9% 40.9% 45.3% 49.1% Massachusetts 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Michigan 100.0% 83.3% 100.0% 99.6% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Minnesota 100.0% 100.0% Mississippi 5.0% 1.2% 1.4% 0.8% 0.7% 0.3% 0.2% Missouri 17.4% 3.3% 2.2% 2.6% 2.9% 3.0% Montana Nebraska 81.7% Nevada 100.0% New Hampshire 79.9% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.5% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0% New Jersey 19.5% 26.2% 42.0% 62.2% 89.0% 96.9% 99.0% 99.9% New Mexico 100.0% 100.0% New York 17.9% 33.3% 62.8% 74.4% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% North Carolina 4.7% 5.0% 5.7% 6.7% 7.4% 8.5% 8.7% 8.4% North Dakota Ohio 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.9% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Oklahoma Oregon 100.0% 100.0% Pennsylvania 63.6% 89.5% 96.6% 99.3% 98.9% 99.9% 100.0% 100.0% Rhode Island 78.2% 89.7% 97.1% 98.7% 99.5% 99.8% 100.0% 100.0% South Carolina 1.7% 2.1% 2.3% 2.6% 2.4% 2.5% 2.3% 2.4% South Dakota N/A [a] Tennessee 9.6% 2.2% 2.9% 3.3% 3.1% 2.9% 2.6% 2.6% Texas 0.7% 0.2% Utah 48.0% 50.8% Vermont 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Virginia 4.1% 5.6% 7.3% 8.2% 9.3% 10.1% 10.2% 10.5% Washington 100.0% 100.0% West Virginia 11.6% 6.8% 10.5% 8.5% 10.9% 14.1% 13.1% 13.1% Wisconsin 100.0% 51.6% 94.4% 100.0% 100.0% Wyoming a ^ There were no blacks at all—either free or enslaved—in South Dakota in 1860. [14] See also[ edit ]

African-American neighborhoods

List of African-American neighborhoods

List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations

List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations

List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations

Black Southerners

[ edit ]

This post is curated. All content belongs to original poster at en.wikipedia.org

The following is a list of U.S. states, territories and the District of Columbia ranked by the proportion of African Americans of full or partial descent including those of Hispanic origin, in the population. Considering only those who marked "black" and no other race in combination as in the first table, the percentage was 12.4% in 2020, down from 12.6% in 2010.^[1] Considering those who marked "black" and any other race in combination as in the second table the percentage increased from 13.6% to 14.2%.

2020 census (single race)

% Black or African American alone[2]	Rank	State or territory	Black or African American alone Population (2020)
76.0%	1	Virgin Islands (U.S.)	80,908[3]
44.17%	2	District of Columbia	385,810
37.94%	3	Mississippi	1,084,481
33.13%	4	Louisiana	1,564,023
33.03%	5	Georgia	3,538,146
32.01%	6	Maryland	2,220,472
29.80%	7	Alabama	1,696,162
27.09%	8	South Carolina	1,680,531
23.50%	9	North Carolina	2,350,217
22.11%	10	Delaware	218,899
21.60%	11	Virginia	1,607,581
19.80%	12	Tennessee	1,492,948
17.11%	13	Florida	3,703,952
17.10%	14	Arkansas	853,783
16.89%	15	New York	3,533,873
16.19%	16	Illinois	2,108,271
15.76%	17	Michigan	1,576,579
15.19%	18	New Jersey	1,519,770
14.20%	−	United States of America	47,511,020
12.58%	19	Ohio	1,258,781
12.21%	20	Texas	3,964,700
11.40%	21	Missouri	799,840
11.30%	22	Pennsylvania	1,490,169
10.88%	23	Connecticut	388,675
10.80%	24	Nevada	404,739
10.60%	25	Indiana	748,513
8.09%	26	Kentucky	462,417
7.39%	27	Oklahoma	389,961
7.09%	28	Massachusetts	594,029
7.08%	29	Minnesota	598,434
7.46%	30	Puerto Rico	328,711
6.40%	31	Wisconsin	476,256
6.30%	32	California	2,825,293
5.79%	33	Kansas	308,809
5.78%	34	Rhode Island	92,168
5.77%	35	Nebraska	196,535
5.76%	36	Arizona	439,150
5.19%	37	Colorado	334,828
5.14%	38	Iowa	231,972
5.09%	39	Washington	407,565
3.9%	40	North Dakota	30,067
3.76%	41	West Virginia	165,813
3.70%	42	Alaska	31,898
2.28%	43	New Mexico	55,904
2.26%	44	Oregon	182,655
2.24%	45	South Dakota	27,842
1.90%	46	Maine	25,752
1.60%	47	Hawaii	23,417
1.50%	48	New Hampshire	20,127
1.40%	49	Vermont	9,034
1.20%	50	Utah	62,058
1.0%[4]	51	Guam	1,540[4]
0.99%	52	Idaho	15,726
0.91%	53	Wyoming	5,232
0.50%	54	Montana	5,484
0.1%[5]	55	Northern Mariana Islands	55[5]
0.02%[6]	56	American Samoa	13[6]

African-American proportion of state and territory populations (1790–2020)[edit]

From 1787 to 1868, enslaved African-Americans were counted in the U.S. census under the Three-fifths Compromise. The compromise was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention over the counting of slaves in determining a state's total population. This count would determine the number of seats in the House of Representatives and how much each state would pay in taxes. The compromise counted three-fifths of each state's slave population toward that state's total population for the purpose of apportioning the House of Representatives. Even though slaves were denied voting rights, this gave Southern states more Representatives and more presidential electoral votes than if slaves had not been counted. Free blacks and indentured servants were not subject to the compromise, and each was counted as one full person for representation.^[7]

In the United States Constitution, the Three-fifths Compromise is part of Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3. Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) later superseded this clause and explicitly repealed the compromise.

State/Territory	1790	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860	1870	1880	1890	1900	1910	1920	1930	1940	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020
United States of America	19.3%	18.9%	19.0%	18.4%	18.1%	16.8%	15.7%	14.1%	12.7%	13.1%	11.9%	11.6%	10.7%	9.9%	9.7%	9.8%	10.0%	10.5%	11.1%	11.7%	12.1%	12.9%	13.6%	14.2%
Alabama		41.4%	29.0%	33.2%	38.5%	43.3%	44.7%	45.4%	47.7%	47.5%	44.8%	45.2%	42.5%	38.4%	35.7%	34.7%	32.0%	30.0%	26.2%	25.6%	25.3%	26.0%	26.3%	26.8%
Alaska												0.3%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%		3.0%	3.0%	3.4%	4.1%	4.3%	4.7%	4.8%
American Samoa																					0.02%	0.04%	0.02%
Arizona								0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	1.5%	1.5%	1.0%	2.4%	2.5%	3.0%	3.5%	3.3%	3.0%	2.8%	3.0%	3.6%	5.0%	6.2%
Arkansas			13.0%	11.7%	15.5%	20.9%	22.7%	25.6%	25.2%	26.3%	27.4%	28.0%	28.1%	27.0%	25.8%	24.8%	22.3%	21.8%	18.3%	16.3%	15.9%	16.0%	16.1%	16.5%
California							1.0%	1.1%	0.8%	0.7%	0.9%	0.7%	0.9%	1.1%	1.4%	1.8%	4.4%	5.6%	7.0%	7.7%	7.4%	7.4%	7.2%	7.1%
Colorado								0.1%	1.1%	1.3%	1.5%	1.6%	1.4%	1.2%	1.1%	1.1%	1.5%	2.3%	3.0%	3.5%	4.0%	4.4%	5.0%	5.5%
Connecticut	2.3%	2.5%	2.6%	2.9%	2.7%	2.6%	2.1%	1.9%	1.8%	1.9%	1.6%	1.7%	1.4%	1.5%	1.8%	1.9%	2.7%	4.2%	6.0%	7.0%	8.3%	10.0%	11.3%	13.0%
Delaware	21.6%	22.4%	23.8%	24.0%	24.9%	25.0%	22.2%	19.3%	18.2%	18.0%	16.8%	16.6%	15.4%	13.6%	13.7%	13.5%	13.7%	13.6%	14.3%	16.1%	16.9%	20.1%	22.9%	24.7%
District of Columbia		30.4%	33.1%	31.2%	30.1%	29.1%	26.6%	19.1%	33.0%	33.6%	32.8%	31.1%	28.5%	25.1%	27.1%	28.2%	35.0%	53.9%	71.1%	70.3%	65.8%	61.3%	52.2%	44.2%
Florida					47.1%	48.7%	46.0%	44.6%	48.8%	47.0%	42.5%	43.7%	41.0%	34.0%	29.4%	27.1%	21.8%	17.8%	15.3%	13.8%	13.6%	15.5%	17.0%	17.2%
Georgia	35.9%	37.1%	42.5%	44.4%	42.6%	41.0%	42.4%	44.0%	46.0%	47.0%	46.7%	46.7%	45.1%	41.7%	36.8%	34.7%	30.9%	28.5%	25.9%	26.8%	27.0%	29.2%	31.5%	33.0%
Guam																					2.37%	1.02%	0.96%
Hawaii												0.2%	0.4%	0.1%	0.2%	0.1%	0.5%	0.8%	1.0%	1.8%	2.5%	2.8%	2.9%	3.2%
Idaho									0.4%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.3%	0.6%	1.0%	1.5%
Illinois		7.4%	6.4%	2.5%	1.5%	0.8%	0.6%	0.4%	1.1%	1.5%	1.5%	1.8%	1.9%	2.8%	4.3%	4.9%	7.4%	10.3%	12.8%	14.7%	14.8%	15.6%	15.4%	15.5%
Indiana		4.4%	2.6%	1.0%	1.1%	1.0%	1.1%	0.8%	1.5%	2.0%	2.1%	2.3%	2.2%	2.8%	3.5%	3.6%	4.4%	5.8%	6.9%	7.6%	7.8%	8.8%	10.1%	11.2%
Iowa						0.4%	0.2%	0.2%	0.5%	0.6%	0.6%	0.6%	0.7%	0.8%	0.7%	0.7%	0.8%	0.9%	1.2%	1.4%	1.7%	2.5%	3.7%	5.4%
Kansas								0.6%	4.7%	4.3%	3.5%	3.5%	3.2%	3.3%	3.5%	3.6%	3.8%	4.2%	4.8%	5.3%	5.8%	6.3%	7.1%	7.6%
Kentucky	17.0%	18.6%	20.2%	22.9%	24.7%	24.3%	22.5%	20.4%	16.8%	16.5%	14.4%	13.3%	11.4%	9.8%	8.6%	7.5%	6.9%	7.1%	7.2%	7.1%	7.1%	7.7%	8.7%	9.7%
Louisiana			55.2%	51.8%	58.5%	55.0%	50.7%	49.5%	50.1%	51.5%	50.0%	47.1%	43.1%	38.9%	36.9%	35.9%	32.9%	31.9%	29.8%	29.4%	30.8%	32.9%	32.8%	33.1%
Maine	0.6%	0.5%	0.4%	0.3%	0.3%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.2%	0.1%	0.3%	0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	0.7%	1.6%	2.7%
Maryland	34.7%	36.7%	38.2%	36.1%	34.9%	32.3%	28.3%	24.9%	22.5%	22.5%	20.7%	19.8%	17.9%	16.9%	16.9%	16.6%	16.5%	16.7%	17.8%	22.7%	24.9%	28.8%	30.9%	32.0%
Massachusetts	1.4%	1.5%	1.4%	1.3%	1.2%	1.2%	0.9%	0.8%	1.0%	1.0%	1.0%	1.1%	1.1%	1.2%	1.2%	1.3%	1.6%	2.2%	3.1%	3.9%	5.0%	6.3%	7.8%	9.5%
Michigan		3.7%	3.0%	2.1%	0.8%	0.3%	0.6%	0.9%	1.0%	0.9%	0.7%	0.7%	0.6%	1.6%	3.5%	4.0%	6.9%	9.2%	11.2%	12.9%	13.9%	14.8%	15.2%	15.3%
Minnesota							0.6%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	0.4%	0.4%	0.5%	0.7%	0.9%	1.3%	2.2%	4.1%	6.2%	8.5%
Mississippi		41.5%	47.0%	44.1%	48.4%	52.3%	51.2%	55.3%	53.7%	57.5%	57.6%	58.5%	56.2%	52.2%	50.2%	49.2%	45.3%	42.0%	36.8%	35.2%	35.6%	36.6%	37.6%	37.9%
Missouri			17.6%	15.9%	18.3%	15.6%	13.2%	10.0%	6.9%	6.7%	5.6%	5.2%	4.8%	5.2%	6.2%	6.5%	7.5%	9.0%	10.3%	10.5%	10.7%	11.7%	12.5%	13.0%
Montana									0.9%	0.9%	1.0%	0.6%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.5%	0.8%	1.2%
Nebraska								0.3%	0.6%	0.5%	0.8%	0.6%	0.6%	1.0%	1.0%	1.1%	1.5%	2.1%	2.7%	3.1%	3.6%	4.4%	5.4%	6.4%
Nevada								0.7%	0.8%	0.8%	0.5%	0.3%	0.6%	0.4%	0.6%	0.6%	2.7%	4.7%	5.7%	6.4%	6.6%	7.5%	9.4%	12.1%
New Hampshire	0.6%	0.5%	0.5%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.3%	0.3%	0.4%	0.6%	1.0%	1.7%	2.4%
New Jersey	7.7%	8.0%	7.6%	7.2%	6.4%	5.8%	4.9%	3.8%	3.4%	3.4%	3.3%	3.7%	3.5%	3.7%	5.2%	5.5%	6.6%	8.5%	10.7%	12.6%	13.4%	14.4%	14.8%	15.2%
New Mexico							0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.8%	1.2%	0.8%	0.5%	1.6%	0.7%	0.9%	1.2%	1.8%	1.9%	1.8%	2.0%	2.3%	2.8%	3.2%
New York	7.6%	5.3%	4.2%	2.9%	2.3%	2.1%	1.6%	1.3%	1.2%	1.3%	1.2%	1.4%	1.5%	1.9%	3.3%	4.2%	6.2%	8.4%	11.9%	13.7%	15.9%	17.0%	17.2%	17.5%
North Carolina	26.8%	29.4%	32.2%	34.4%	35.9%	35.6%	36.4%	36.4%	36.6%	38.0%	34.7%	33.0%	31.6%	29.8%	29.0%	27.5%	25.8%	24.5%	22.2%	22.4%	22.0%	22.1%	22.6%	22.5%
North Dakota									1.0%	0.3%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.4%	0.4%	0.6%	0.8%	1.6%	4.4%
Northern Mariana Islands																					0.06%	0.06%	0.1%
Ohio		0.5%	0.8%	0.8%	1.0%	1.1%	1.3%	1.6%	2.4%	2.5%	2.4%	2.3%	2.3%	3.2%	4.7%	4.9%	6.5%	8.1%	9.1%	10.0%	10.6%	12.1%	13.4%	14.4%
Oklahoma											8.4%	7.0%	8.3%	7.4%	7.2%	7.2%	6.5%	6.6%	6.7%	6.8%	7.4%	8.3%	8.7%	9.7%
Oregon							0.5%	0.2%	0.4%	0.3%	0.4%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.8%	1.0%	1.3%	1.4%	1.6%	2.1%	2.6%	3.2%
Pennsylvania	2.4%	2.7%	2.9%	2.9%	2.8%	2.8%	2.3%	2.0%	1.9%	2.0%	2.0%	2.5%	2.5%	3.3%	4.5%	4.7%	6.1%	7.5%	8.6%	8.8%	9.2%	10.5%	11.9%	12.7%
Puerto Rico																						10.9%	14.8%	17.5%
Rhode Island	6.3%	5.3%	4.8%	4.3%	3.7%	3.0%	2.5%	2.3%	2.3%	2.3%	2.1%	2.1%	1.8%	1.7%	1.4%	1.5%	1.8%	2.1%	2.7%	2.9%	3.9%	5.5%	7.4%	9.1%
South Carolina	43.7%	43.2%	48.4%	52.8%	55.6%	56.4%	58.9%	58.6%	58.9%	60.7%	59.8%	58.4%	55.2%	51.4%	45.6%	42.9%	38.8%	34.8%	30.5%	30.4%	29.8%	29.9%	28.8%	26.8%
South Dakota								0.0%	0.6%	0.3%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.5%	0.9%	1.8%	3.0%
Tennessee	10.6%	13.2%	17.5%	19.6%	21.4%	22.7%	24.5%	25.5%	25.6%	26.1%	24.4%	23.8%	21.7%	19.3%	18.3%	17.4%	16.1%	16.5%	15.8%	15.8%	16.0%	16.8%	17.4%	17.3%
Texas							27.5%	30.3%	31.0%	24.7%	21.8%	20.4%	17.7%	15.9%	14.7%	14.4%	12.7%	12.4%	12.5%	12.0%	11.9%	12.0%	12.6%	13.6%
Utah							0.4%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.4%	0.5%	0.6%	0.6%	0.7%	1.1%	1.6%	2.1%
Vermont	0.3%	0.4%	0.3%	0.4%	0.3%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.3%	0.2%	0.5%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%	0.3%	0.7%	1.5%	2.2%
Virgin Islands (U.S.)																					76.62%	76.19%	76.03%
Virginia	43.4%	44.6%	47.1%	47.8%	47.9%	46.9%	45.0%	43.3%	41.9%	41.8%	38.4%	35.6%	32.6%	29.9%	26.8%	24.7%	22.1%	20.6%	18.5%	18.9%	18.8%	20.4%	20.7%	20.9%
Washington								0.3%	0.9%	0.4%	0.4%	0.5%	0.5%	0.5%	0.4%	0.4%	1.3%	1.7%	2.1%	2.6%	3.1%	4.4%	4.8%	5.8%
West Virginia	9.5%	9.8%	11.5%	12.1%	11.2%	9.6%	7.8%	5.6%	4.1%	4.2%	4.3%	4.5%	5.3%	5.9%	6.6%	6.2%	5.7%	4.8%	3.9%	3.3%	3.1%	3.5%	4.2%	5.0%
Wisconsin				1.2%	1.8%	0.6%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.4%	0.4%	0.8%	1.9%	2.9%	3.9%	5.0%	6.1%	7.1%	7.7%
Wyoming									2.0%	1.4%	1.5%	1.0%	1.5%	0.7%	0.6%	0.4%	0.9%	0.7%	0.8%	0.7%	0.8%	1.0%	1.3%	1.7%

Free blacks as a percentage out of the total black population by U.S. region and U.S. state between 1790 and 1860[edit]

In 1865, all enslaved blacks (African Americans) in the United States were emancipated as a result of the Thirteenth Amendment. However, some U.S. states had previously emancipated some or all of their black population. The table below shows the percentage of free blacks as a percentage of the total black population in various U.S. regions and U.S. states between 1790 and 1860 (the blank areas on the chart below mean that there is no data for those specific regions or states in those specific years).^{[citation needed]}

State/territory	1790	1800	1810	1820	1830	1840	1850	1860
United States	7.9%	10.8%	13.5%	13.2%	13.7%	13.4%	11.9%	11.0%
Northeast	40.1%	56.2%	73.5%	83.7%	97.8%	99.5%	99.8%	100.0%
Midwest		78.7%	52.4%	38.0%	37.7%	34.4%	35.5%	37.6%
South	4.7%	6.7%	8.5%	8.2%	8.4%	8.1%	7.0%	6.3%
West							97.9%	99.4%
Alabama		4.4%	2.2%	1.3%	1.3%	0.8%	0.7%	0.6%
Alaska
Arizona								100.0%
Arkansas			1.4%	3.5%	3.0%	2.3%	1.3%	0.1%
California							100.0%	100.0%
Colorado								100.0%
Connecticut	50.4%	84.9%	95.4%	98.8%	99.7%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%
Delaware	30.5%	57.3%	75.9%	74.2%	82.8%	86.7%	88.8%	91.7%
District of Columbia		16.2%	30.7%	37.9%	50.5%	66.2%	73.2%	77.8%
Florida					5.2%	3.1%	2.3%	1.5%
Georgia	1.3%	1.7%	1.7%	1.2%	1.1%	1.0%	0.8%	0.8%
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois		41.5%	78.5%	33.3%	68.7%	91.6%	100.0%	100.0%
Indiana		75.7%	62.4%	86.6%	99.9%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Iowa						91.5%	100.0%	100.0%
Kansas								99.7%
Kentucky	0.9%	1.8%	2.1%	2.1%	2.9%	3.9%	4.5%	4.5%
Louisiana			18.0%	13.2%	13.2%	13.1%	6.7%	5.3%
Maine	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Maryland	7.2%	15.6%	23.3%	27.0%	33.9%	40.9%	45.3%	49.1%
Massachusetts	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Michigan		100.0%	83.3%	100.0%	99.6%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Minnesota							100.0%	100.0%
Mississippi		5.0%	1.2%	1.4%	0.8%	0.7%	0.3%	0.2%
Missouri			17.4%	3.3%	2.2%	2.6%	2.9%	3.0%
Montana
Nebraska								81.7%
Nevada								100.0%
New Hampshire	79.9%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	99.5%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%
New Jersey	19.5%	26.2%	42.0%	62.2%	89.0%	96.9%	99.0%	99.9%
New Mexico							100.0%	100.0%
New York	17.9%	33.3%	62.8%	74.4%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
North Carolina	4.7%	5.0%	5.7%	6.7%	7.4%	8.5%	8.7%	8.4%
North Dakota
Ohio		100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	99.9%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Oklahoma
Oregon							100.0%	100.0%
Pennsylvania	63.6%	89.5%	96.6%	99.3%	98.9%	99.9%	100.0%	100.0%
Rhode Island	78.2%	89.7%	97.1%	98.7%	99.5%	99.8%	100.0%	100.0%
South Carolina	1.7%	2.1%	2.3%	2.6%	2.4%	2.5%	2.3%	2.4%
South Dakota								N/A[a]
Tennessee	9.6%	2.2%	2.9%	3.3%	3.1%	2.9%	2.6%	2.6%
Texas							0.7%	0.2%
Utah							48.0%	50.8%
Vermont	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Virginia	4.1%	5.6%	7.3%	8.2%	9.3%	10.1%	10.2%	10.5%
Washington							100.0%	100.0%
West Virginia	11.6%	6.8%	10.5%	8.5%	10.9%	14.1%	13.1%	13.1%
Wisconsin				100.0%	51.6%	94.4%	100.0%	100.0%
Wyoming

a^ There were no blacks at all—either free or enslaved—in South Dakota in 1860.^[14]

See also[edit]

• African-American neighborhoods
• List of African-American neighborhoods
• List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations
• List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations
• List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations
• Black Southerners

[edit]